Regional oceans governance mechanisms: A review     

《Marine Policy》2015

The development of regional governance for the protection of the environment, sustainable use of natural resources and conservation of its biodiversity is unquestionably a cornerstone of international environmental law and policy. With regard to marine and coastal issues, it has mainly been taking place through Regional Seas programmes, Regional Fishery Bodies and Large Marine Ecosystems mechanisms. Based on a similar geographical approach, however, these regional mechanisms raise concerns relating to their coordination and efficiency, and possibly overlap in what they aim to achieve. This paper provides a review of existing regional oceans governance mechanisms, assessing their individual and collective capacities to move towards ecosystem-based management, and highlighting options to make the regional landscape more coherent and effective.  相似文献   

新疆塔县乔普卡铁矿和山东莱州土山铁矿特征对比     

梁凯  梅贞华  王攀  郑永杰 《吉林地质》2015,(2)

虽然乔普卡铁矿和土山铁矿在地理位置上相隔甚远,但是二者在赋矿层位、磁异常特征、矿体及围岩特征、矿石结构构造、矿物成分和矿石类型以及矿床成因等诸多方面存在着较大的相似性,进一步研究对比二者的共同和异同点,对于寻找此类矿床有一定的指导作用。本文主要在乔普卡铁矿和土山铁矿详查工作和参考前人工作研究的基础上,对比分析了两个铁矿的异同点,从而总结出相邻区域里寻找此类矿床的几个注意点。  相似文献   

1978年以来广州市居民职住地选择行为时空特征与影响因素的代际差异   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

林荣平  周素红  闫小培 《地理学报》2019,74(4):753-769

1978年以来,中国体制改革重塑了个体日常时空行为及其在生命过程中的活动轨迹,但鲜有文献解析长时间序列下不同代际群体对职住政策调整做出的响应及其代际差异。基于时间地理学视角与代际差异理论,将广州市微观个体职住地变动历程与代际问题相结合,利用问卷调查分析1988年和1998年居民职住制度改革前后,不同代际居民职住地变迁行为时空特征及其影响因素的结构性差异。结果发现：① 在居住地和就业地变迁方向方面,各代际居民住房迁出地主要集中于老城区,就业地变迁围绕两个城市中心,形成由老城核心地域向内城、近郊扩散的变迁过程。② 职住地距离变化方面,居民平均职住距离由1988年之前的4.91 km增至1998年之后的6.46 km,20世纪90年代出生居民（简称90后,下同）的职住分离度大于其他群体。③ 在职住地变迁率方面,住房商品化和就业社会化极大地增加了居民职住地选择自由度,60后和70后在1998年之后的迁居率分别为113.16%与112.33%,就业地变迁率分别为148.68%与197.26%,二者都远高于住房改革前的比例。④ 驻留时长方面,职住自由化使得驻留时长明显缩短。60后变化最为明显,该群体在一个居住地的居住时长由1988年以前的14.43年缩至1998年以后的5.43年,就业地驻留时长由12.43年降至3.95年;80后与90后在1998年以后的职住地驻留时长明显较短,70后相对较长。⑤ 能力、组合及权威制约中的房价、婚姻状况、学历、福利分房及下岗等因素对职住地变迁表现出明显代际差异,因子女上学及同事关系等组合制约对就业地变迁无显著群体差别。  相似文献   

Variations in elastic thickness and flexure of the Maracaibo block     

《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2014

We estimate the lateral variations of the elastic thickness of the Maracaibo block with a 3D numerical approach by using centered finite differences. The calculation is based on solving the fourth-order partial differential equation that governs the bending of a thin plate fixed on its boundaries (zero displacement) with variable thickness (or elastic thickness for this particular case). An initial plate-load model is built and is iteratively modified to fit the general basement configuration and gravity data. The final result is an elastic thickness map that covers the Maracaibo block and the surrounding sections of the South American plate. It shows that the elastic thickness ranges from 30 km to 18 km with a mean value of 23.6 km and a mode of 26 km. The largest elastic thickness values are associated with the location of the Santa Marta Mountains and the Barinas Apure Basin, while the smallest ones with the Mérida Andes-Maracaibo Basin flexural system. The current basement configuration within the Maracaibo basin, formed as a result of its geodynamic evolution, has affected the mechanical properties of the Maracaibo block near the current Mérida Andes position. The load of the Perijá Range is compensated by a complex stress tensor, and that of the Santa Marta Mountains does not have an isostatic root as it is held by a relatively strong lithosphere.  相似文献   

Performing a new regional geography     

Gordon Winder  Nick Lewis 《New Zealand geographer》2010,66(2):97-104

In this introduction to the Special Issue ‘Practising a New Regional Geography in Northland’, we call for a new regional geography. We use the experience of a field course to reflect upon the opportunities and challenges associated with doing ‘regional geography’ in the regions, a subdiscipline that has in recent decades been pushed into the backwaters of the discipline. We reinterpret the maxim ‘geography is what geographers do’ in a new way that emphasises pedagogy and research practice. The case of Northland and helping our students to learn experientially about community and environment under the rubric of sustainability allows us to argue the case for a reinterpretation of regional geography in these terms. We position the contributions in this Special Issue in terms of our call.  相似文献   

A collective approach to Pacific islands fisheries management: Moving beyond regional agreements     

Quentin Hanich  Feleti Teo  Martin Tsamenyi 《Marine Policy》2010

The sustainable management and profitable development of the Pacific island tuna fisheries is the key ocean governance challenge for the Pacific islands region in the short and medium term. Resolving these challenges is fundamental to the long term future of the region and its ability to implement oceans governance across all resource and conservation concerns.  相似文献   

Remote detection of bare soil moisture using a surface-temperature-based soil evaporation transfer coefficient     

Shaohua Zhao  Yonghui Yang  Guoyu Qiu  Qiming Qin  Yunjun Yao  Yujiu Xiong  Chunqiang Li 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2010

An approach for estimating soil moisture is presented and tested by using surface-temperature-based soil evaporation transfer coefficient (h_a), a coefficient recently proposed through the equation h_a = (T_s − T_a)/(T_sd − T_a), where T_s, T_sd, and T_a are land surface temperature (LST), reference soil (dry soil without evaporation) surface temperature, and air temperature respectively. Our analysis and controllable experiment indicated that h_a closely related to soil moisture, and therefore, a relationship between field soil moisture and h_a could be developed for soil moisture estimation. Field experiments were carried out to test the relationship between h_a and soil moisture. Time series Aqua-MODIS images were acquired between 11 Sep. 2006 and 1 Nov. 2007. Then, MODIS derived h_a and simultaneous measured soil moisture for different soil depths were used to establish the relations between the two variables. Results showed that there was a logarithmic relationship between soil moisture and h_a (P < 0.01). These logarithmic models were further validated by introducing another ground-truth data gathered from 46 meteorological stations in Hebei Province. Good agreement was observed between the measured and estimated soil moisture with RMSE of 0.0374 cm³/cm³ and 0.0503 cm³/cm³ for surface energy balance method at two soil depths (10 cm and 20 cm), with RMSE of 0.0467 cm³/cm³ and 0.0581 cm³/cm³ for maximum temperature method at two soil depths. For vegetated surfaces, the ratio of h_a and NDVI suggested to be considered. The proposed approach has a great potential for soil moisture and drought evaluation by remote sensing.  相似文献   

基于扰动模式的四维变分资料同化系统框架的设计完善和数值试验     

冯业荣  薛纪善  李梦婕  戴光丰 《气象学报》2021,79(6):902-920

为了建立一个应用于区域数值预报的四维变分资料同化（4DVar）系统,在近期开发的扰动预报模式GRAPES_PF基础上,开发完善增量四维变分同化系统框架。该框架中暂不包含物理过程（长短波辐射、边界层过程、对流参数化和云微物理等）。对比业务使用的GRAPES 3DVar系统,增加了温度控制变量。将无量纲Exner气压与流函数的线性风压平衡方程直接在地形追随垂直坐标面上求解,且通过广义共轭余差法（GCR）求解扰动亥姆霍兹（Helmholtz）伴随方程。利用人造“探空”资料对2015年10月台风“彩虹”进行了理想数值试验。试验结果表明,所开发的扰动四维变分同化框架得到了预期的结果,即同化更多资料并反复受到模式约束的四维变分同化系统能有效改善初值质量,进而改善区域数值预报。建立的区域四维变分同化框架合理可行,为进一步发展包含完整物理过程的区域四维变分同化系统奠定了研究基础。   相似文献   

IPCC第六次评估报告中的《图集》     

李建  陈昊明 《气候变化研究进展》2021,17(6):726-729

决策者和公众正在越来越多地关注气候变化带来的影响,而这需要更加丰富的、区域尺度上的当前和未来气候状况的精细信息。《图集》与IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）第一工作组（WGI）报告中其他章节相协调,评估区域气候变化的观测、归因、预估的基本信息,并建立了在线交互图集系统。《图集》包含图集章节和交互图集两部分：图集章节基于新的区域划分,评估了各区域的气候变化,重点关注地表温度和降水的观测趋势、归因以及预估的未来变化。交互图集是AR6 WGI报告的一个新组成部分,基于观测、全球（CMIP5和CMIP6）和区域（CORDEX）模式数据,以互动地图的形式提供观测和预估时间段的气候变化和归因的综合信息。  相似文献   

基于CWRF的中国近海热带气旋集合模拟及其对物理参数化方案的敏感性研究          下载免费PDF全文

Wenru Shi  Haishan Chen  Xin-Zhong Liang 《大气和海洋科学快报》2021,14(1):22-26

为评估CWRF模式的降尺度能力和其热带气旋模拟对物理参数化方案的敏感性,本文利用ERI再分析资料驱动CWRF在30km网格上对1982-2016年中国近海热带气旋开展了一次集合模拟.结果表明:CWRF与ERI均能模拟出热带气旋的季节变化和年际变化形势且均存在低估,但相较ERI,CWRF的降尺度技术和集合模拟可以再现更多的热带气旋,显著减少低估.年际变化结果提升最为明显,它对积云方案最为敏感,其次是边界层,陆面和辐射方案,对云和微物理方案较弱.该研究为应用CWRF理解和预报热带气旋提供了参考.  相似文献